The ROP portal constitutes another stage in the long journey of disclosure of the Portuguese natural stones, both at a national and international level. It started in 1981, by the “Direção Geral de Geologia e Minas” — “General Directorate of Geology and Mines” (now LNEG). This was the year in which this public institution started developing the project of what is the first “Catálogo de Rochas Ornamentais Portuguesas” – “Catalogue of Portuguese Natural Stones” (ROP Catalogue). It aimed to fill a gap, in this field, long identified by the stone sector. It also intended to promote Portuguese natural stones on the European market, given Portugal's imminent accession to the European Economic Community (now the European Union). The 1st volume of this work was published in 1983 (Moura, A. C., Martins, O. R. et al., 1983). It has the singularity of presenting technical sheets with bilingual text (Portuguese and English) and the remaining chapters with quadrilingual text (Portuguese, English, Italian and French). This volume was followed by the edition of 3 more (Moura, A. C., Martins, O. R. et al., 1984, 1985 and 1994). With the edition of 8 supplementary technical sheets in the years 1995, 1996 and 2000, the information collected in the ROP Catalogue reached 142 Portuguese natural stones. The support provided by many industrialists in the sector was crucial in the development of this project, in particular in the provision of samples for sawing the specimens used in the laboratory work and even in the supply of the specimens.

The spreading of Portuguese natural stones continued with the preparation of thematic works. One of the main factors that was at the origin of its development was the need to update the properties of natural stones, with data obtained from more recent samples tested according to methods established in European standards. Another factor, not less important, was adding technical specifications, to assist decision makers make the right selection of natural stones, taking into account the application type. In this way, it was edited by “Instituto Geológico e Mineiro” — “Geological and Mining Institute” (now LNEG) the book “Granitos e Rochas Similares de Portugal” – “Granites and Similar Stones from Portugal” (Moura, A. C. et al., 2000). The edition of the book “Mármores e Calcários Ornamentais de Portugal” – “Ornamental Marbles and Limestones from Portugal” (Moura, A. C. et al, 2007) was in charge of “Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação” — “National Institute for Engineering, Technology and Innovation” (now LNEG).

Soon after the edition of the book dedicated to granites and similar stones, the computerization project of the ROP Catalogue began to be developed. Essentially, it aimed to extend the Catalogue dissemination to a global scope. Thus the 1st version of the ROP Portal was born. This free access bilingual platform was included on the “Instituto Geológico e Mineiro” (now LNEG) website in the year of 2002. In addition to gathering all the information contained in the ROP Catalogue, new features were included. Among these, the possibility of searching natural stones based on different criteria (commercial name, location of quarrying site and characteristics) is highlighted.

With almost two decades of intense browsing, fulfilling its purpose of disseminating and supporting the extractive/processing industry of natural stone, architecture, construction, academy and the general public, LNEG's ROP Portal lacked a modernization. Despite having been the subject of continuous updating of the contents related to each stone, as well as the addition of new technical sheets for natural stones, it lost “youth”, both in terms of graphic design and in terms of programming (language, database management). On the other hand, European standardization is a dynamic process. Since the Portal was placed online, new test methods have been developed to determine new characteristics relevant to the CE marking of natural stone products. It was necessary to include these new characteristics in the Portal. The combination of the aforementioned factors motivated the development of the project for the 2nd computerized version of the ROP Portal. With a different layout, adjusted to that of LNEG's Geoportal, some of the structures of the 1st version were maintained, as well as the most important features. Portuguese ornamental stones continue to appear divided into three groups, depending on their genesis. The technical sheet for each stone is now composed of 6 pages, easily transitioned between them, which contain all the information from the 1st version, plus the existing data for the new physical-mechanical characteristics. The user continues to have the opportunity to insert new application cases, and it is now possible to include more information about the work, namely a photographic record. It includes the same 3 search types: - by the stones’ commercial name; - by the Municipality of the quarrying place/area; - by characteristics. This last one was extended to the new characteristics contained in the technical sheet. In order to support the selection of value classes, advices for some of the properties were included in the search by characteristics.
Another novelty of the 2nd version of the ROP Portal is the possibility of visualizing the quarrying place/area on the map of Portugal, as well as the geographical coordinates (WGS84) of its centre. This new feature can be accessed from the home page, in the “View on Map” menu, or from the technical sheet of each stone, which now includes an icon for direct access to this view.

It is our wish that this new version exceeds the expectations of all those who, for some time, have been calling for an update of the ROP Portal. It is our ambition that this new version will allow us to: - further promote Portuguese natural stones either nationally and internationally; - increase the support for all players in this industry; - improve the understanding between both the productive and consumer sectors and the exporting and importing sectors.

The use of stone has a millennial tradition in Portugal, with the most varied purposes, generally in satisfaction of a wide range of material and spiritual needs.

The art of stone working left, in our country, very marked traces of its incessant evolution, since the time of the Prehistoric instruments and monuments that endure until today, up to the era of the modern buildings and the great engineering and architectural works, always attesting the efficient use of this raw material by taking advantage of its natural qualities of beauty, durability and easy conservation.

Roman bridges, sidewalks and buildings, castles of the earliest nationality, the monasteries of Alcobaça, Batalha and Jerónimos, the grand convent of Mafra, palaces and other monumental works from different eras, are intrinsically linked to our history and constitute living milestones of elapsed times. They exhibit, in their robustness or in their sumptuousness, the accuracy of the work techniques used by our ancestors.

The great variety of stone types that abound, from North to South, in national territory - marbles, granites, limestones, breccias, schists, among others - makes them, even today, the raw material par excellence for several works of civil engineering.

It is in this way that a whole legion of architects, engineers, civil builders, sculptors, decorators and flowerbeds, gives free rein to their creativity and accentuates the search for new technical and aesthetic solutions predicting the use of stone and contributing, at the same time, to a better use and appreciation of the resources available in the country.

The modernization of the extractive and manufacturing industries, with the adoption of new and more effective quarrying and sawing methods and the use of the latest manufacturing techniques in the development of stone products of unique design and with an increasing variety of surface finishes, has contributed decisively for assuring the demand, which traditionally distinguishes Portuguese stones and even for enlarging it.

Concomitantly with this modernization, more flexible and dynamic business structures have been studied and launched, allowing them to survive in view of possible phases of adverse economic conditions, or even simple market fluctuations.

The relaunch of the stone industry has already made it possible to increase profitability and manufacturing quality and to incorporate a very satisfactory added value in the end product in relation to the price of the raw material and, consequently, the increase in competitiveness and appreciation of Portuguese products on the international market.

Although it was only from the 1980s onwards that Portuguese natural stones were systematically characterized, justifying their multiple applications, they have been highly preferred in many European countries and in some of the Middle East countries, for a long time. Indeed, their natural qualities do not go unnoticed by the most demanding connoisseurs, so that their demand has been increasing steadily. The success of the indispensable increase in the sector will be facilitated through all the work of certification and quality assurance already started and by the effort made by the industrialists in complying with the quantitative and with the agreed delivery deadlines.

In ROP Portal 1st version, it was mentioned that, in 2003, Portuguese natural stones production had exceeded 1,600,000 tons, in an amount of approximately 110 million euros. At this moment, when the 2nd version is being released, statistical data indicate that, in 2019, the export of Portuguese natural stones, per se, reached 2,244,524 tons, in an amount of approximately 468 million euros. This represents an increase of 17% in volume and of 10% in monetary value, compared to 2018 (in Boletim de Minas, Vol. 54, pp. 191-196, 2019-2020). These figures reveal a colossal increase of business volume in the Portuguese natural stones sector, in the past 16 years. As already mentioned in the ROP Portal 1st version, this increase is the guarantee that the natural stones sector is a safe factor for development, based on a natural wealth that the country has in abundance.

Portugal, in its continental area, is formed by three large geological units: the ANCIENT MASSIF (MACIÇO ANTIGO), the MESOCENOZOIC BORDERS (ORLAS MESOCENOZÓICAS) and the BASINS OF TAGUS AND SADO RIVERS (BACIAS DO TEJO E DO SADO).

The ANCIENT MASSIF represents, by itself, about two thirds of the territory and corresponds to part of an old basement comprising, essentially, Precambric and Paleozoic formations. It is locally overlaid by discordant detritic deposits, of Tertiary and Quaternary age, whose thickness does not exceed 200-300 meters.

At the end of the Hercynic orogeny, the Hesperic Massif (Maciço Hespérico) was splitted by a dense network of fractures during two important episodes. The first one originated fractures with NNE-SSW orientation and a conjugated NNW-SSE system. The second originated fractures with approximate E-W orientation, which are sometimes filled with basic rock veins.

In this massif, zones with distinct characteristics can be defined, namely paleogeographic, tectonic, metamorphic and plutonic, often separated by important ridge tectonic accidents. In the Iberian sector, the structures orientation is predominantly NW-SE.

- Cantabrian Zone (Zona Cantábrica)

It constitutes a stacking of sediments with dominant neritic facies. The western limit of this zone is a major ridge fracture.

- Western Asturian-Leonese Zone (Zona Oeste Asturiana-Lionesa)

This area was affected by regional low-intermediate pressure metamorphism.
Marbles of ornamental interest (marbles of Vimioso) occur interspersed in the volcano-detritic formation known as “Ollo de Sapo” (Frog’s Eye).

- Central-Iberian Zone (Zona Centro-Ibérica)

This area is characterized by the occurrence of a thick sequence of the flysch type (Upper Precambrian to Cambrian) called “Complexo Xisto-Grauváquico” (Schist-Greywacke Complex). The quartzites from the base, of Ordovician age, are discordant in relation to this complex. Overlapping the quartzites occur schistose stones, sometimes ardosiferous, which are of ornamental interest (for example, the Valongo slates). The intense magmatism mainly created granitoids of the alkaline and calc-alkaline series, with subordination of the basic rocks. Among the first ones, two-mica granites from Oporto and Afife (Viana do Castelo) have been used as ornamental stones. The second ones also have been widely used as ornamental stones, namely: granites with megacrystals and biotite-oligoclase, of dark tone and evident foliation, quarried in the Espinho region (Braga); calc-alkaline to alkaline two-mica granites with medium to fine grain size from Alpalhão (Portalegre); calc-alkaline biotitic granites with megacrystals and coarse grain size (usually called “granito dente de cavalo” — “horse tooth granite”) from Guimarães, Viseu, etc., and also, certain varieties whose feldspars present a pinkish colour (granites from Monção and from Serra do Gerês – Gêres Mountain).

- Sub-Zone of Middle Galicia / Trás-os-Montes (Sub-Zona da Galiza Média / Trás-os-Montes)

The NE sector of the Central-Iberian Zone is characterized by the presence of rocks with a high degree of metamorphism and basic or ultra-basic composition. It includes the Morais and Bragança massifs, in which are located the main outcrops of serpentinites, amphibolites, amphibolic schists and other green stones, all important from an ornamental point of view. Sometimes, several lens shaped small carbonated deposits occur within the metasedimentary formation which embeds the basic massifs, providing some stones of ornamental interest (limestones of Castro Vicente - Mogadouro).

- Ossa-Morena Zone (Zona de Ossa-Morena)

In this area, the Precambrian is overlaid by the Cambrian base conglomerate, followed by some formations of carbonated stones which, through metamorphism, sometimes gave rise to marbles of great ornamental interest, as in the Estremoz-Borba-Vila Viçosa anticlinorium and in the regions of Escoural, Viana do Alentejo, Trigaches, etc..
Schistose stones from the Ordovician have also been used for ornamental purposes (Barrancos-Mourão schists).
The alkaline and calc-alkaline granitoids from the area of transition to the Central-Iberian zone are also very interesting from an ornamental point of view. These are the calc-alkaline grey granites with medium grain size, from the ring massif of Santa Eulália, which occupy the core of this structure and also the alkaline pink granites, which form a ring surrounding the grey granites. The outermost ring consists of basic rocks of gabbro-dioritic composition, dark in colour and with medium grain size, which also have been used as ornamental stones.
Further towards SW, in the Évora massif, the granitoids with two micas, sometimes porphyroid, also have an ornamental interest, as is the case with the pinkish granite from Arraiolos. This massif also has biotitic granodiorites of ornamental importance, such as the one from Barrocal. Vendinha's granodiorite is included in these lithological types of interest. Several types of stones with predominant calc-alkaline chemism also occur in this massif. Of these, due to their ornamental interest, stands out the acid porphyry from Torrão (Alcácer do Sal), the diorite from Redondo and the gabbro from Odivelas (Ferreira do Alentejo).

- South-Portuguese Zone (Zona Sul-Portuguesa)

It is characterized by the outcrop of a thick schist-grauvachic series with intercalated vulcanites.
The schistose series was intruded, during the alpine orogeny, by the ring massifs of Monchique and Sines.
The Monchique massif, which comprises lithic units of varied composition, is predominantly formed of nepheline syenite stones, with undeniable ornamental interest. The Sines massif is predominantly formed by gabbros and diorites.

The MESOCENOZOIC BORDERS were formed, since the Permian, on the continental margins to the West and South of the Iberian Peninsula, following the preliminary episodes of the opening of the Atlantic Ocean and Mesogeia.

- Western or Lusitanian Border (Bordadura Ocidental ou Lusitaniana)

During the Mesozoic, an elongated depression was formed in the Lusitanian Border, with NNE-SSW orientation. The sediments present a maximum thickness along its main axis.
Due to the depression reduced width, a large part of the Mesozoic sediments were deposited in a coastal area and underwent all sea level fluctuations. As a result, alternations of coarse and fine sediments can be found, as well as sudden lateral variations of the resulting facies.

Three large series can be distinguished, according to the nature of the material:

• Stones predominantly detritic, the most abundant ones, dominant at the base of the Mesozoic (Rhaetian and Hettangian), in the Upper Jurassic, in the Cretaceous and also during the Tertiary.
• Alternation of marly and detritic stones frequent in the Upper Jurassic and in the Cretaceous.
• Downright calcareous stones, whose thickest beds belong to the Dogger; they comprise the important massifs of Estremadura and Serra da Arrábida (Mountain of Arrábida).

The “Maciço Calcário Estremenho” (“Calcareous Massif from Estremadura”) provides limestone varieties with ornamental interest, in layers of the Middle Jurassic (Alpinina, Moleanos, Moca Creme, Brecha de Sto. António – Sto. António Breccia, etc.). In the region of Montelavar (Sintra) and Montemor (Loures), layers of microcrystalline limestone, of Cretaceous age, also give rise to stones with ornamental interest (Azulino, Encarnadão, Lioz, etc.).

The sub-volcanic massif of Sintra, predominantly constituted by granites, syenites and gabbros, an intrusion that occurred at the end of the Cretaceous, affected some of the limestone units by contact metamorphism, giving rise to compact limestones, whose quarrying already had some relevance.

- Southern Border (Algarve) (Bordadura Meridional (Algarve))

It is a narrow sedimentary slope with ENE-WSW orientation, affected by flexures. The series become thicker from W to E and present facies of greater depth in this direction.

In contact with the Ancient Massif occur levels of red conglomerates, red sandstones and dolomitic limestones with some intercalations of gypsum and salt rock. In some cases they exhibit economic interest, due to the diapyrical structure that characterizes, in a great extent, the tectonics of this platform. This initial series ends with a volcano-sedimentary complex. This complex is covered with dolomitic limestones, sometimes calciclastic, overlapping pelagic formations of the Dogger-Malm.

The Jurassic ends with a thick series of the platform, in which biogenic limestones are interspersed. Some of these have been quarried for ornamental purposes, under the incorrect designation of “breccias”. The Jurassic is covered by a thick Cretaceous series and this by a Mio-Pliocenic series, mainly calc-arenitic.

- Tagus and Sado Basins (Bacias do Tejo e do Sado)

They are the result of the formation of two important gulfs that subdivided the western Post-Paleozoic Border, during the Tertiary. They behaved as subsidence zones, which suffered detritic filling.
The deposits are sub-horizontal and their thickness is very variable, with a maximum of 1400 meters being assumed in the Tagus basin. The Sado basin appears to be less grand (less than 500 meters thick). The sandy levels, more or less coarse, predominate, with conglomeratic and clayey intercalations and lacustrine limestones.

- Introduction

The ROP Portal contains information collected at different times. This situation arises, on the one hand, from the systematic update of the information contained in the technical data sheets and, on the other, from the continuous insertion of new technical data sheets, whenever is possible to gather the necessary information.
The technical data sheets of natural stones that are not currently quarried, but remain in the ROP Portal because it is likely that their quarrying will be resumed, contain data collected during the preparation of the ROP Catalogue (LNEG). This group also includes the technical data sheets of natural stones that are not currently quarried, nor are they likely to be in the future, but are part of the Portuguese cultural heritage. This fact legitimizes their permanence in the ROP Portal.
As for the other technical data sheets, whenever possible, they have been updated. Thereby, the technical data sheets of a set of marbles were updated within the scope of the AIZM Project - Integrated Action of the Marbles Zone, which ended in 2006. The Anchor Project 1 - Enhancement of Portuguese natural stone, of the “Cluster da Pedra Natural” (Natural Stone Cluster), completed in 2012, allowed the updating of technical data sheets of another significant group of natural stones. The updates made in the context of these two projects are pointed out in the respective technical data sheets.

- Field work

Much of the information regarding the geological context and the general characteristics of the quarries, included in the technical data sheets, were collected during field activities carried out in the scope of the preparation of the ROP Catalogue (LNEG). These activities involved various departments of the former “Direção Geral de Geologia e Minas” — “General Directorate of Geology and Mines” (now LNEG) and the coordination and collaboration of the current “Unidade de Ciência e Tecnologia Mineral” — “Mineral Science and Technology Unit”.

At the quarries, elements of a geological nature were collected and some technical characteristics of the stone were recorded, according to the following topics:

• Very brief geological description
• Study of the main fracture systems
• Lithological description, with special focus on:
  • Macroscopic aspect of the stone: structure, colour and ornamental pattern
  • Structural heterogeneities of the stone affecting its ornamental pattern (alterations, enclosures, stains, mineral concentrations, veins, etc.)
  • Average dimension of the extracted blocks; more favourable ornamental orientation; most common use.
• Quarrying potential.

Significant sampling was also carried out, aiming the execution of the programmed physical-mechanical tests and in order to study the variability of the directional properties.

The field work carried out later, aiming at updating the information on natural stones, or the insertion of new lithotypes, followed, in a generic way, the methodology described above.

- Laboratory work

The laboratory work: - initial, for the elaboration of the ROP Catalogue (LNEG) and - subsequent, for updating and insertion of new lithotypes, have been carried out by departments belonging to the current “Unidade de Ciência e Tecnologia Mineral” — “Mineral Science and Technology Unit”, of LNEG. These include: - physical-mechanical tests; - petrographic study; - chemical analysis (major elements).

- Physical-mechanical tests

All physical-mechanical characterization has been ensured by the “Setor de Rochas Ornamentais” —“Natural Stones Department”. However, the number of properties currently determined, as well as in the updating and insertion of new lithotypes, has increased compared to the early one. Furthermore, in the properties determined at the beginning, there was a change in the standards used in the following characterizations. This is due to the fact that the physical-mechanical characterization carried out at the beginning took place before Portugal joined the current European Union, while the subsequent characterizations have already been carried out after accession. The lack of Portuguese standards, for almost all the properties that were intended to be determined at the beginning, motivated the use of mostly German standards (at the time, Germany was the main export destination for Portuguese natural stones). Thus, Table I contains the list of properties determined at the beginning, the respective standards and analytical methods, the number of test specimens and their dimensions. According to the geologist António Casal Moura, co-author and coordinator of the elaboration of the ROP Catalogue (LNEG), the selection of this set of properties was due to the fact that they were considered “sufficient to know the most important features of each of the raw materials in question and, consequently, for the determination of their most appropriate application”.

Table I — Properties that integrated the initial physical-mechanical characterization, performed in the context of the elaboration of the ROP Catalogue (LNEG).

Property	Standard / Analytical method	Number of specimens	Dimensions of specimens (mm)
Uniaxial compressive strength (initial and after 25 freeze/thaw cycles)	DIN 52105	6	71×71×71
Frost resistance (25 cycles)	DIN 52104	6	71×71×71
Flexural strength under concentrated load	DIN 52112	4	200×30×30
Apparent density	DIN 52102	6	71×71×71
Water absorption at atmospheric pressure	DIN 52103	6	71×71×71
Open porosity	LNEC E 216-1968	6	71×71×71
Linear thermal expansion coefficient	Internal method	2	(24-25)×5×5
Abrasion resistance	NP 309:1962 (Amsler-Laffon machine)	4	60×60×30
Rupture energy	Internal method	4	200×200×30

Portugal's accession to the current European Union resulted in the adoption of European standards, prepared by Technical Committees that work under the supervision of the European Committee for Standardization. It also entailed that the national stone sector had to comply with European legislation applicable to natural stone products. In this context, the laboratories had to adopt European standards concerning test methods for natural stones. Likewise, the natural stone processing sector was obliged to comply with European standards, for products whose manufacture and marketing was regulated by a standard. It was also compelled to proceed with the CE marking of those products. Many natural stone product standards have the status of “harmonized standard” — a specific category of European standards developed to demonstrate that the products to which they relate meet the technical requirements set out in applicable European legislation. Nowadays (2020), the legislation in force for natural stone products is the Regulation No. 305/2011 of the EU and the respective amendment. In order to follow the changes introduced by this regulation, the European standards for natural stone products have now also included provisions for the assessment and verification of constancy of performance, aiming to issue the Declaration of Performance for the natural stone. This document is issued by the manufacturer and attests to the properties of natural the stone, stipulated in European standards for product control, for which that stone is the raw material.
The physical-mechanical characterization has been evolving, along with the European standards and respective legislation. In this way, the current physical-mechanical characterization has been extended to the main properties stipulated in the standards for natural stone products, to control these products. The test methods adopted are also aligned with the standards determined by the product standards. Table II contains the list of the properties currently determined, the respective standards and analytical methods, the number of test specimens and their dimensions.

Table II — Caracterização físico-mecânica atualmente executada.

Propriedade	Norma / Método analítico	Número de provetes	Dimensões dos provetes (mm)
Flexural strength under concentrated load (initial and after 56 freeze/thaw cycles)	EN 12372	10	300×50×50
Uniaxial compressive strength (initial and after 56 freeze/thaw cycles)	EN 1926	10	50×50×50
Water absorption at atmospheric pressure	EN 13755	6	50×50×50
Apparent density	EN 1936	6	50×50×50
Open porosity
Water absorption coefficient by capillarity	EN 1925	6	50×50×50
Frost resistance — Technological test	EN 12371	10	300×50×50
		10	50×50×50
Frost resistance — Identification test		7	300×50×50
Resistance to ageing by thermal shock	EN 14066	10	300×50×50
Dynamic modulus of elasticity	EN 14146	7	300×50×50
Abrasion resistance	EN 14157	6	150×150×30
Breaking load at dowel hole	EN 13364	5	200×200×30
Slip resistance by means of the pendulum tester	EN 14231	6	200×200×30
Linear thermal expansion coefficient	Internal method	3	(24-25)×5×5
Rupture energy	EN 14158	7	200×200×30

The analysis of the tables (Table I and Table II) shows that, for the 9 properties common to both, only the linear thermal expansion coefficient maintained the determination method. However, comparing the analytical methods for each of the remaining 8 properties, it is concluded that the methods are very similar to each other for 6 properties. Therefore, the values initially obtained for these properties are comparable to those obtained through the analytical methods currently in force. There are 2 properties, in which there are relevant differences between the analytical methods in the two tables: - frost resistance and - flexural strength under concentrated load. In frost resistance, the main difference between the current method (EN 12371) and the initial method (DIN 52104) lies in the number of freeze/thaw cycles. Nowadays, the overwhelming majority of European standards for natural stone products require 56 cycles for the technological test. The DIN 52104 standard required 25 cycles and their evaluation should be carried out using uniaxial compression resistance. Since in the 2nd version of the ROP Portal the number of freeze/thaw cycles carried out is indicated, the situation of cycle disparity is solved. As for the flexural strength under concentrated load, there is a significant difference in the number of tested specimens (DIN 52112: 4; EN 12372: 10), as well as in their dimensions (DIN 52112: 200×30×30mm and EN 12372: 300×50×50mm). For this property, it is currently considered that only a minimum number of 10 specimens ensure obtaining representative results. On the other hand, the smaller dimensions of the specimens used in the initial determinations, may also have resulted in a lack of textural representativeness, particularly in stones: - with very heterogeneous textures; - coarse grain; - containing fenocrystals. Although a comparative study between the two methods has not been carried out, the results obtained in the samples used in updating technical data sheets, point out that the initial method (DIN 52112) produces higher results to those obtained through the method currently in force (EN 12372). However, since the flexural strength values of almost all natural stones currently quarried have already been updated with results obtained with EN 12372, it was decided to keep the initial values for the remaining stones, until the opportunity arises to repeat the test with the method currently in force.

- Petrographic study

All petrographic studies have been carried out according to an internal method developed by the Petrology and Gemmology Department. Despite this, this method meets the main requirements stipulated by EN 12407 — European standard that regulates the execution of this study. It consists in the observation, under the polarizing microscope, of 3 thin sections, of each sample, obtained according to the 3 orthogonal faces of a cubic specimen, or prismatic. The surface analysis aims to determine the texture of the stone, the shape and size of its crystals, its mineralogical composition (essential and accessory minerals), the presence of altered minerals and its microstructure. If necessary, it can be performed:

• a semi-quantitative estimate by X-ray diffraction, to confirm the mineralogical composition resulting from the determinations made by microscopy;
• an analysis using an electronic microprobe, for mineralogical identification.

The observation of the thin sections is complemented with a microphotographic record of the main textural features.

- Chemical analysis

The initial chemical analyses were carried out through classical methods. In this, in the carbonated stones, the CO₂ content was calculated by saturating, as carbonates, the levels obtained for CaO and MgO. The use of this alternative method was due to the fact that the determined levels exceed the sensitivity limit of the usual method. The subsequent chemical analyses have all been carried out by the X-Ray Fluorescence Department, using a sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, of wavelength dispersion.

- References

DIN 52102 — Determination of absolute density, dry density, compactness and porosity of natural stone and mineral aggregates.
DIN 52103 — Determination of water absorption and saturation coefficient of natural stone and mineral aggregates.
DIN 52104 — Testing of natural stone; freeze thaw cyclic test.
DIN 52105 — Testing the compressive strength of natural stone.
DIN 52112 — Testing the flexural strength of natural stone.
Direção Geral e Energia e Geologia (2019-2020) — Indústria Extrativa - Comércio Internacional — Evolução do Comércio Internacional – janeiro a dezembro de 2019. Boletim de Minas, Vol. 54 - Tema em Destaque - Rochas Ornamentais, pp. 191-196. Lisboa.
EN 1925 — Determination of water absorption coefficient by capillarity. CEN/TC 246.
EN 1926 — Determination of uniaxial compressive strength. CEN/TC 246.
EN 1936 — Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity. CEN/TC 246.
EN 12371 — Determination of frost resistance. CEN/TC 246.
EN 12372 — Determination of flexural strength under concentrated load. CEN/TC 246.
EN 12407 — Petrographic examination. CEN/TC 246.
EN 13364 — Determination of the breaking load at dowel hole. CEN/TC 246.
EN 13755 — Determination of water absorption at atmospheric pressure. CEN/TC 246.
EN 14066 — Determination of resistance to ageing by thermal shock. CEN/TC 246.
EN 14146 — Determination of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (by measuring the fundamental resonance frequency). CEN/TC 246.
EN 14157 — Determination of the abrasion resistance. CEN/TC 246.
EN 14158 — Determination of rupture energy. CEN/TC 246.
EN 14231 — Determination of the slip resistance by means of the pendulum tester. CEN/TC 246.
LNEC E 216 (1968) Refractários. Determinação da densidade aparente, da absorção de água e das porosidades. Especificação do Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil.
Moura, A. C., Carvalho, C., Almeida, I. A. et al. (2007) — Mármores e Calcários Ornamentais de Portugal. Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação. ISBN: 978-972-676-204-1.
Moura, A. C., Grade, J., Ramos, J. F., Moreira, A. e Gomes, L. (2000) — Granitos e Rochas Similares de Portugal. Instituto Geológico e Mineiro.
Moura, A. C., Martins, O. R., Ramos, J. F. et al. (1983) — Catálogo de Rochas Ornamentais Portuguesas, Vol. I. Laboratório da Direção Geral de Geologia e Minas. S. Mamede de Infesta.
Moura, A. C., Martins, O. R. et al. (1984) — Catálogo de Rochas Ornamentais Portuguesas, Vol. II. Laboratório da Direção Geral de Geologia e Minas. S. Mamede de Infesta.
Moura, A. C., Martins, O. R. et al. (1985) — Catálogo de Rochas Ornamentais Portuguesas, Vol. III. Laboratório da Direção Geral de Geologia e Minas, S. Mamede de Infesta.
Moura, A. C., Martins, O. R. et al. (1994) — Catálogo de Rochas Ornamentais Portuguesas, Vol. IV. Instituto Geológico e Mineiro, S. Mamede de Infesta.
NP 309 (1962) — Ladrilhos. Ensaio de Desgaste. Norma Portuguesa.

- European standards and normative documents

CEN/TR 17024 — Guidance for use of natural stones. CEN/TC 246.
CEN/TS 15209 — Tactile paving surface indicators produced from concrete, clay and stone. CEN/TC 178.
CEN/TS 16165 — Determination of slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces - Methods of evaluation. CEN/TC 339.
EN 771-6 — Specification for masonry units - Part 6: Natural stone masonry units. CEN/TC 125.
EN 772-1 — Methods of test for masonry units - Part 1: Determination of compressive strength. CEN/TC 125.
EN 772-4 — Methods of test for masonry units - Part 4: Determination of real and bulk density and of total and open porosity for natural stone masonry units. CEN/TC 125.
EN 772-11 — Methods of test for masonry units - Part 11: Determination of water absorption of aggregate concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete, manufactured stone and natural stone masonry units due to capillary action and the initial rate of water absorption of clay masonry units. CEN/TC 125.
EN 772-16 — Methods of test for masonry units - Part 16: Determination of dimensions. CEN/TC 125.
EN 772-20 — Methods of test for masonry units - Part 20: Determination of flatness of faces of masonry units. CEN/TC 125.
EN 998-2 — Specification for mortar for masonry - Part 2: Masonry mortar. CEN/TC 125.
EN 1052-2 — Methods of test for masonry - Part 2: Determination of flexural strength. CEN/TC 125.
EN 1052-3 — Methods of test for masonry - Part 3: Determination of initial shear strength. CEN/TC 125.
EN 1341 — Slabs of natural stone for external paving - Requirements and test methods. CEN/TC 178.
EN 1342 — Setts of natural stone for external paving - Requirements and test methods. CEN/TC 178.
EN 1343 — Kerbs of natural stone for external paving - Requirements and test method. CEN/TC 178.
EN 1467 —Rough blocks - Requirements. CEN/TC 246.
EN 1468 — Rough slabs - Requirements. CEN/TC 246.
EN 1469 — Slabs for cladding - Requirements. CEN/TC 246.
EN 1745 — Methods for determining thermal properties. CEN/TC 125.
EN 12057 — Modular tiles - Requirements. CEN/TC 246.
EN 12058 — Slabs for floors and stairs - Requirements. CEN/TC 246.
EN 12059 — Natural stone products - Dimensional stone work - Requirements. CEN/TC 246.
EN 12326-1 — Slate and stone for discontinuous roofing and external cladding - Part 1: Specifications for slate and carbonate slate. CEN/TC 128.
EN 12326-2 — Slate and stone for discontinuous roofing and external cladding - Part 2: Methods of test for slate and carbonate slate. CEN/TC 128.
EN 12370 — Determination of resistance to salt crystallisation. CEN/TC 246.
EN 12440 — Denomination criteria. CEN/TC 246.
EN 12670 — Terminology. CEN/TC 246.
EN 13161 — Determination of flexural strength under constant moment. CENT/TC 246.
EN 13373 — Determination of geometric characteristics on units. CEN/TC 246.
EN 13501-1 — Fire classification of construction products and building elements - Part 1: Classification using data from reaction to fire tests. CEN/TC 127.
EN 14579 — Determination of sound speed propagation. CEN/TC 246.
EN 14580 — Determination of static elastic modulus. CEN/TC 246.
EN 14581 — Determination of linear thermal expansion coefficient. CEN/TC 246.
EN 16140 — Determination of sensitivity to changes in appearance produced by thermal cycles. CEN/TC 246.
EN 16301 — Natural stone test methods - Determination of sensitivity to accidental staining. CEN/TC 246.
EN 16306 — Determination of resistance of marble to thermal and moisture cycles. CEN/TC 246.
EN ISO 10456 — Building materials and products - Hygrothermal properties - Tabulated design values and procedures for determining declared and design thermal values (ISO 10456). CEN/TC 89.
EN ISO 12572 — Hygrothermal performance of building materials and products - Determination of water vapour transmission properties - Cup method (ISO 12572). CEN/TC 89.
ISO 2859-1 — Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes — Part 1: Sampling schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection.

- Technology, economics, petrography and miscellaneous

Aires, S., Carvalho, C. and Noronha F. (2013) — Eucisia schist a natural stone from Northern Portugal. Geophysical Research Abstracts. Vol. 15, EGU2013-12406.
Aires, S., Carvalho, C., Noronha, F., Ramos, J. F., Moura, C., Sant’Ovaia, H., Sousa, M. (2011) — Os Xistos do “Complexo Xisto-Grauváquico – Grupo do Douro”. Potencial como Recurso Geológico. Livro de Actas do VI Seminário Recursos Geológicos, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território. Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Vila Real (Outubro). URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.9/1541.
Aires, S., Noronha, F., Carvalho, C., Moura, A.C. and Ramos, J.F. (2013) — The Example of the Quartzite from the "Upper Quartzite Formation" from Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (Northern Portugal); its Characterization to Use as Natural Stone. Key Engineering Materials Vol. 548, pp. 212-219. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.548.212.
Aires, S., Noronha, F., Carvalho, C., Ramos, J.F., Moura, A.C. (2012) — Os “xistos” do Grupo do Douro como recurso geológico. Livro de Actas “II Congresso Jovens Investigadores em Geociências, LEG 2012”. Estremoz, Portugal. (01-04 Novembro).
Aires-Barros, Luís (1970) — Note préliminaire sur un indice d'altérabilité. Proc. 1 st. Int. Congr. Int. Ass. Geol., Paris.
Aires-Barros, Luís (1971) — Petrologia e petrografia de rochas ígneas. Alteração e alterabilidade. Edição LNEC, Lisboa.
Aires-Barros, Luís et al. (1971) — Laboratory test on cyclic "close circuit" percolation of rocks. "Técnica", nº 408, Lisboa.
Aires-Barros, Luís et al. (1974) — Microindentation hardness in the characterization of rock sawing. IIIrd Int. Congr. Rock Mechafics, Denver.
Aires-Barros, Luís (1974) — Ensaios laboratoriais sobre a fadiga térmica de rochas. XXXI Congr. Luso-Espanhol para o Progresso das Ciências, Cadiz.
Aires-Barros, Luís et al. (1975) — Bilan minéralogique et géochimique de l'altération dans un profil de syénite néphélinique de Monchique. "Bol. Soc. Geol. Portugal", XIX, Lisboa.
Aires-Barros, Luís (1977) — Experimental laboratory weathering of rocks. Rates of experimental and natural weathering of rocks, an attempt of comparison. “Comunic. Serv. Geol. Port.”, T. LXII, Lisboa.
Aires-Barros, Luís et al. (1977) — Nota preliminar sobre a geoquímica da alteração do calcário dolomítíco empregue na Sé Velha de Coimbra. “Comunic. Serv. Geol. Port.”, T. LX11, Lisboa.
Aires-Barros, Luís (1978) — Comparative study between rates of experimental laboratory weathering of rocks and their natural environmental weathering decay. "Bull. Int. Ass. Eng. Geo].", 18, Krefeld.
Alves, C., Figueiredo, C., Maurício, A. & Aires-Barros, L. (2013) — Susceptibility of Limestone Petrographic Features to Salt Weathering: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study. Microscopy and Microanalysis, pp. 1-10.
Andrade, R. Freire; Apolinário, J. M. Marques (1980) — A Indústria Portuguesa de Mármores. "A Pedra", Nº 1, Lisboa.
Andrade, R. Freire; Apolinário, J. M. Marques (1980) — Radiografia do Sector de Mármores. Extracção e transformação de Mármore. Bosquejo técnico do Sector. "Pequena e Média Empresa", 10, Jun/Ago, Lisboa.
Banco de Fomento Nacional (1974) — A Estrutura das Exportações Portuguesas de Mármores. “Estudos 1”, Lisboa, Janeiro.
Borges, M.I., Simão, J., Carvalho, C. e Pires, V. (2012) — Influência da Resistência ao Gelo de Rochas Silicatadas Portuguesas na Utilização como Elemento Construtivo Exterior. Libro de Actas “PATORREB 2012 — 4º Encontro sobre Patologia e Reabilitação de Edifícios”. Santiago de Compostela. Espanha (12-14 Abril). ISBN: 978-84-96712-49-2.
Carrilho Lopes, J.M., Lopes, J.L. e Lisboa, J.V. (1997) — Caracterização petrográfica e estrutural dos granitos róseos do complexo plutónico de Monforte-Santa Eulália (NE-Alentejo, Portugal). Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos do I.G.M., tomo 39, pp. 141-156, I.G.M., Lisboa.
Carvalho, C. (2009) — “Pedra Natural — A importância das suas propriedades tecnológicas na escolha para aplicação”. Seminário Pedra e Arquitectura — Diálogos com a Geologia. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia. Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Monte da Caparica (4 e 5 de Junho).
Carvalho, C. (2015) — Estudo da influência do nevoeiro salino nas propriedades de calcários portugueses. Tese de doutoramento da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 161 p.
Carvalho, C. (2019-2020) — A Rocha Ornamental Portuguesa e a Evolução na sua Caracterização. DGEG. Boletim de Minas, Vol. 54 - Tema em Destaque - Rochas Ornamentais, pp. 85-102. Lisboa.
Carvalho, C., Aires, S., Noronha, F., Moura, A.C. and Ramos, J.F. (2013) — “Schist” from Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (NE of Portugal): Potential Use as Natural Stone. Key Engineering Materials Vol. 548, pp. 205-211. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.548.205.
Carvalho, C., Silva, Z. e Simão, J. (2018) — Evaluation of Portuguese limestones’ susceptibility to salt mist through laboratory testing. Environmental Earth Sciences 77:523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7670-5.
Carvalho, C., Silva, Z. e Simão, J. (2018) — Alterações superficiais em calcários expostos a nevoeiro salino. Comunicações Geológicas. 105, 1, 91-99. ISSN: 0873-948X; e-ISSN: 1647-581X.
Carvalho, J.M.F., Carvalho, C., Lisboa, J.V., Casal. A.M. and Leite, M.M. (2012) — Portuguese Ornamental Stones. Congress Minutes “Global Stone Congress 2012”. Borba. Portugal (16-20 Julho).
Carvalho, J.M.F., Carvalho, C., Lisboa, J.V., Moura, A.C. e Leite, M.M. (2013) — Portuguese ornamental stones. GEONOVAS Nº 26: pp. 15 a 22. ISSN: 0870-7375.
Carvalho, J.M.F., Lisboa, J.V., Moura, A.C., Carvalho, C., Sousa, L.M.O. and Leite, M.R. (2013) — Evaluation of the Portuguese Ornamental Stone Resources. Key Engineering Materials Vol. 548, pp. 3-9. ISSN: 1013-9826; DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.548.3.
Carvalho, Jorge, Manuppella, G. et al. (2001) — Estudos geológicos de caracterização do recurso Brecha Algarvia. Congr. Int. da Pedra Natural - Ambiente e Qualidade. 16/17 Mai, Lisboa, 8 p.
Carvalho, Jorge, Manuppella, G. e Moura, A. Casal (2000) — Calcários Ornamentais Portugueses. Bol. Minas, vol. 37, nº 4, pp. 123-132, IGM, Lisboa.
Carvalho, Jorge, Manuppella, G. e Moura, A. Casal (1998) — Contribution to the geological knowledge of the Portuguese Ornamental Limestones. II Cong. Int. de la Piedra, 5-6 Maio/98, Madrid e Actas V Congr. Nac. de Geologia, Lisboa, 18-20 Nov./98 V Congresso Nacional de Geologia, Lisboa, Com. do I.G.M., tomo 84 - Fasc. I, tema F, pp. 74-77, Novembro.
Carvalho, C. e Moura, A.C., (1999) — Rochas naturais: Estudo comparativo dos desgastes Amsler e Capon. Bol. Minas, vol. 36, nº 3, pp. 301-307, IGM, Lisboa. ISSN: 0006-5935.
Castro e Sola, Luiz (1969) — Os Mármores Portugueses na Exposição Universal de Paris de 1855. "Bol. Minas", 6 (2), Lisboa.
Castro e Sola, Luiz (1969) — Ainda os Mármores Portugueses. "Bol. Minas", 6 (4), Lisboa.
Comissão de Mármores (1963) — Relatório Final da Comissão dos Mármores. "Bol. Minas" (N. S.), 2(4), (Lisboa).
Costa Almeida, J. M. e Limpo de Faria, F. (1974) — O Problema da Actualização da Legislação sobre a Exploração de Pedreiras. "Bol. Minas", 11 (3), Lisboa.
Costa, L.R., Machado Leite, M.R. e Moura, A. Casal (1995) — O futuro da Indústria das Rochas Ornamentais. Bol. Minas, vol. 32, nº 1, pp. 3-13, IGM, Lisboa.
Faria, Francisco J. L. Limpo de (1969) — Exportação de Mármore no Período 1950-1968. Bol. Minas, 6 (4), Lisboa.
Ferraz, F., Silva, J., Moura, A. Casal, Grade, J. e Gomes, Celso (1998) — Pedra natural do Arquipélago da Madeira: Relação do comportamento físico- mecânico com a litologia. A PEDRA, nº 70, pp. 33-37, Out/Dez.
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Gargi, René (1971) — Pierres, Marbres et Granits au Portugal. "Le Mausolée", Sept.
Grupo de Trabalho Nº 6 (1975) — Programa de Aproveitamento dos Recursos Minerais - Mármores e Outras Rochas Ornamentais. "Bol. Minas", 12 (3), Lisboa.
Grupo de Trabalho Nº 2 (1976) — Programa de Aproveitamento dos Recursos Minerais - Legislação de Pedreiras. "Bol. Minas", Lisboa, 13 (2), Lisboa.
Guedes, H., (1999) — Determinação da carga de rotura à tracção: proposta de ensaio. I Simpósio Int. da Pedra Natural na Construção, 7 pg., Lisboa.
IGM (1999) — Indústria extractiva. Informação estatística nº 4, 1998, I.G.M. (Ed.).
Leite, Augusto Salazar (1957) — Indústria de Mármores e Cantarias. II Congresso da Indústria Portuguesa, Lisboa.
Leite, Augusto Salazar (1965) — Algumas considerações sobre exportação de mármores. Comunicação nº 53, Colóquio da Exportação, Lisboa.
Martins, Julian P. L. (1989) — Utilização da pedra natural, sua conservação e restauro. Com. Jorn. Exp. Piedra, Sevilha/89. A Pedra, 1989, pp. 59-62.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1968) — Elementos Estatísticos dos Mármores do Alentejo referentes a 1967. "Bol. Minas", 5 (3), Lisboa.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1969) — Actividade de Pedreiras de Rochas Ornamentais de Portugal Metropolitano em 1968. "Bol. Minas", 6 (4), Lisboa.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1970) — A Indústria Extractiva das Rochas Ornamentais de Portugal Metropolitano em 1969. "Bol. Minas", 7 (4), Lisboa.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1971) — A Indústria Extractiva das Rochas Ornamentais de Portugal Metropolitano em 1970. "Bol. Minas", 8 (4), Lisboa.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1972) — A Indústria Extractiva das Rochas Ornamentais de Portugal Metropolitano em 1971. "Bol. Minas", 9 (3), Lisboa.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1973) — A Indústria Extractiva das Rochas Ornamentais de Portugal Metropolitano em 1972. "Bol. Minas", 10 (3), Lisboa.
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Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1982) — Rochas Ornamentais Calcárias. "Geonovas", 3, Lisboa.
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Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1984) — A Indústria Extractiva das Rochas Ornamentais de Portugal. "Engenharia do Mármore". Registo do Ciclo de Palestras / Painéis, Lisboa, 16 a 18 de Abril, 1980. Ordem dos Engenheiros. Comissão Cultural de Engenharia de Minas. Lisboa.
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Mello Mendes, Fernando (1978) — A Geologia de Engenharia e o Planeamento Racional das Explorações de Rochas de Construção e Ornamentais. "Anais 2º Congr. Brasileiro Geol. Eng.", Vol. 2, São Paulo.
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Rodrigues, J. Delgado (1984) — A alteração de rochas e a conservação de monumentos. Geonovas, nº 7, pp. 93-96, Lisboa.
Rodrigues, J. Delgado, Costa, D. Sá da Costa, M. e Eusébio, I. (1994) — Behaviour of consolidated granites under ageing tests. Proceed. Workshop on Degradation and Conservation of Granitic Rocks in Monuments, Santiago de Compostela/Nov.94, pp. 79-86.
Romão, Maria Luísa (1999) —Elementos estatísticos sobre a Indústria Extractiva em Portugal no ano de 1997. Bol. Minas, vol. 36, nº 1, pp. 37-60, Lisboa.
Saúde J. José (1980) — O ar comprimido na Indústria Portuguesa de Rochas Ornamentais. "A Pedra", Nº 1, Lisboa.
Shadmon, Asher (1996) — Stone: An introduction. Ed. ITP, London.
Siegesmund, S. and Snethlage, R. (Editors) (2011) — Stone in Architecture: Properties, Durability, Springer-Verlag, 4th Ed., 552 p., Berlin.
Silva, J. B. P., Carvalho, C., Caetano, S. D. e Gomes, C. (2010) — “Natural stone from the Azores archipelago: Relationship between lithology and physical-mechanical behavior”. Cities on Volcanoes Congress. Tenerife (31/05 e 01/06). Volcanic Rock Mechanics – Ollala et al (eds). Págs. 125-131. ISBN: 978-0-203-84238-6.
Silva, Paulo Bravo e Moura, A. Casal (1998) — Caracterização petrográfica e tecnológica do litótipo granítico "Azul Tragal" (Bruçó-Mogadouro). V Congresso Nacional de Geologia, Lisboa, Com. do I.G.M., tomo 84 - Fasc. I, tema F, pp. 90- 93 Nov.
Simão, J. (2003) — Rochas ígneas como pedra ornamental. Causas, condicionantes e mecanismos de alteração. Implicações tecnológicas. Tese de doutoramento da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 182 p.
Simão, J. Carvalho, C. (2005) — Ornamental stone decay in cold and polluted environments – degradation evaluation based on resonance frequency measurements and flexural strength tests. I International Congress on Dimension Stone, CETEM/CETEMAG, Guarapari, ES, Brasil. ISBN: 85-7227-225.
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Simão, J., Pires, V., Galhano, A.C., Carvalho, C. (2014) — Stains in Pavement Applications of a Portuguese Limestone. V Global Stone Congress, Antalya (Turkey).
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Spínola, Sílvia C. (1998) — Influência da qualidade da serragem de granitos no consumo energético do desbaste. Tese de mestrado do I.S.T., Lisboa, pg. 138.
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Torres Lopes, Armindo (1978) — Amostragem das blocometrias de mármores de Estremoz. Comunic. Congr. 78 Ordem dos Engenheiros, Porto.
Vários (1979) — Encontro Nacional da Indústria de Mármores e Granitos. Estremoz. Comunicações. Conclusões propostas. "Bol. Inf. Assimagra", Lisboa, n.o 21, 2º Trimestre.
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- Geology

Andrade, A. A. S. Pinto, A. F. F. Conde, L. E. N. (1976) — Sur la géologie du Massif de Beja: observations sur la transversale d'Odivelas. Comunic. Serv. Geol. Port., T. LX, Lisboa.
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Carvalhosa, A. Barros (1968) — Carta Geológica de Portugal, na escala de 1:50 000. Notícia Explicativa da Folha 44-CD (Vila Verde de Ficalho). Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Lisboa.
Carvalhosa, A. Barros; Carvalho; A. M. Galopim (1969) — Carta Geológica de Portugal, na escala de 1:50 000. Notícia explicativa da Folha 40-A (Évora). Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Lisboa.
Carvalhosa, A. Barros (1972) — Carta Geológica de Portugal, na escala de 1:50 000. Notícia Explicativa da Folha 40-C (Viana do Alentejo). Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Lisboa.
Carvalhosa, A. Barros (1975) — Contribuição para o conhecimento geológico da região entre Portel e Ficalho (Alentejo). “Memórias dos Serv. Geol. Port.” (N.S.), XI, Lisboa.
Costa, Mendes (1936) — Grottes de St. Adrião, Miranda do Douro, Portugal. Tipografia Progresso, Porto.
Delgado, J. F. Nery (1888) — Reconhecimento dos jazigos de mármore e alabastro do concelho de Miranda do Douro, em Trás-os-Montes. "Revista de Obras Públicas e Minas". 19 (219-220) Lisboa.
Fernandes, A. Peinador, et al. (1973) — Carta Geológica de Portugal, na escala de 1:50 000. Notícia Explicativa da Folha 28-D (Castelo de Vide). Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Lisboa.
Ferreira, N. et al. (1987) — Granitóides da Zona Centro-Ibérica e seu enquadramento geodinâmico. Livro Homenagem a L. C. Garcia de Figueirola: Geologia de los granitoides y rocas asociadas del Macizo Hespérico, pp. 37-52, Rueda (Ed.), Madrid.
Gonçalves, Francisco (1957) — Notas de mineralogia e petrografia portuguesas. XI. O granito biotítico de Santa Eulália (Elvas). "Bol. Mus. Lab. Min. Geol. Fac. Cienc.", 7ª Ser., 25, Lisboa.
Gonçalves, Francisco (1958) — Esboço geológico da região situada entre Santa EuIália e Barbacena (Alto Alentejo). "Rev. Fac. Ciênc. Lisboa". 2ª Sér., Vol. 6 (1), Lisboa.
Gonçalves, Francisco (1967) — Subsídios para o conhecimento geológico do maciço eruptivo de Monchique. “Comunic. Serv. Geol. Port.”, T. LII, Lisboa.
Gonçalves, F., Coelho, A. Vasconcelos Pinto (1970) — Nota prévia sobre o provável carácter subvulcânico do maciço granítico de Santa Eulália (Alto Alentejo)." Mus. Lab. Min. Geol. Fac. Ciênc.", 11 (2), Lisboa.
Gonçalves, Francisco (1971) — Contribuição para o conhecimento geológico de mármores de Estremoz. “Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos do S. F. M.”, Porto, XX (1-2).
Gonçalves, Francisco (1971) — Mármores de Estremoz (Alto Alentejo). Nota preliminar. I Congresso Hispano-Luso-Americano de Geologia Económica, Tomo II, Sec. 4, Lisboa.
Gonçalves, Francisco (1972) — Carta Geológica de Portugal, na escala de 1:50 000. Notícia Explicativa da Folha 33-C (Campo Maior). Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Lisboa.
Gonçalves, Francisco (1973) — Observações sobre o anticlinório de Estremoz. Alguns aspectos geológico-económicos dos mármores. "Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos do S. F. M.", XXII (1-2). Porto.
Gonçalves, Francisco (1973) — Carta Geológica de Portugal, na escala de 1:50 000. Notícia Explicativa da Folha 32-B (Portalegre). Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Lisboa.
Gonçalves, Francisco (1974) — Carta Geológica de Portugal, na escala de 1:50 000. Notícia Explicativa da Folha 36-B (Estremoz). Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Lisboa.
Gonçalves, Francisco (1975) — Carta Geológica de Portugal, na escala de 1:50 000. Notícia Explicativa da Folha 32-D (Sousel). Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Lisboa.
Julivert, M., et al. (1974) — Memoria explicativa del Mapa Tectonico de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Inst. Geol. y Minero España, Madrid.
Ladeira, Fernando Lage (1977) — Mármores. "Bol. Minas", 14 (4), Lisboa.
Manuppella, Giuseppe, et al. (1971) — Estudo geológico-económico do Maciço Calcário Estremenho. 1 Congresso Hispano-Luso-Americano de Geologia Económica, Tomo 11, Sec. 4, Lisboa.
Manuppella, Giuseppe; Moreira, J. C. (1974) — Calcários e dolomitos da Serra dos Candeeiros. "Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos do S. F. M.", XXIII (1-2), Porto.
Medeiros, A. Cândido; Faria, F. Limpo (1953) — Estudo de algumas formações calcárias dos distritos de Vila Real, Viseu e Guarda. "Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos do S. F. M.", VIII (3-4), Porto.
Medeiros, A. Cândido; Faria, F. Limpo; Carvalho, A. Dias (1954) — Calcários cristalinos da Serra do Marão. "Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos do S. F. M.", IX (1-4), Porto.
Mendes, F. (1968) — Contribution à l'étude géochronologique, par la méthode au strontium, des formations cristallines du Portugal. "Bol. Mus. Lab. Min. Geol. Fac. Ciênc., 11 (1), Lisboa.
Miranda (Júnior), M. R. (1892) — Riqueza (A) dos jazigos de mármores e alabastros de Vimioso e Miranda do Douro e meios a empregar para a sua valorização. "Boletim do Ateneu Comercial do Porto", I, Ano I, Nº 7-10, Porto.
Moreira, Armando (1999) — Reconhecimento geológico do maciço granítico de Pedras Salgadas. Bol. Minas, vol. 36, nº 2, pp. 147-170, I.G.M., Lisboa.
Moreira, Armando (1994) — Reconhecimento geológico, estrutural, petrográfico e geoquímico dos granitos de Alpalhão, Gáfete e Quareleiros (Alto Alentejo). Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos do I.G.M., tomo 36, pp. 103-117, I.G.M., Lisboa.
Moreira, J. C. Balacó (1974) — Substâncias minerais não-metálicas do distrito de Aveiro. Contribuição para o conhecimento das suas indústrias extractiva e transformadora. "Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos do S. F. M.", XXIII (1-2), Porto.
Palácios, Teresa (1976) — Contribuição para o conhecimento petrográfico do maciço granítico de Fronteira e comparação com os de Ervedal e Santa Eulália (Nordeste alentejano). "Comunic. Serv. Geol. Port.", T. LX, Lisboa.
Perdigão, J. Correia (1976) — Carta Geológica de Portugal, na escala de 1:50 000. Notícia Explicativa da Folha 37-C (Juromenha). Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Lisboa.
Pereira, J. Santos (1940) — Contribuição para o estudo das rochas do afloramento eruptivo de Monchique (Portugal). Publ. Mus. Lab. Min. Geol. Fac. Ciênc. Porto", V, XVI, Porto.
Pereira, Vítor M. Correia (1970) — Substâncias minerais não metálicas do distrito de Faro. Contribuição para o seu conhecimento. "Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos do S. F. M.", XIX (3-4), Porto.
Ribeiro, António (1974) — Contributíon à I'Étude Tectonique de Trás-os-Montes Oriental. "Memórias dos Serv. Geol. Port.", (N. S.), 24, Lisboa.
Santos, A. Ribeiro (1973) — Estudo geológico e geoquímico do maciço de Monchique. "Bol. Mus. Lab. Min. Geol. Fac. Ciênc.", 13 (2), Lisboa.
Seifert, Hartmut (1962) — Problemas geológicos e tecnológicos da Indústria Portuguesa de Mármores. "Bol. Informação da Câmara do Comércio Alemã", Ano 7 (5), (Lisboa).
Silva, J. Martins (1956) — Calcários cristalinos da região de Portel. "Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos do S. F. M.", XI (3-4), Porto.
Silva, J. Martins (1957) — Calcários cristalinos da região de Viana do Alentejo-Alvito. "Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos do S. F. M.", XIV (1-2), Porto.
Silva, J. M.; Camarinhas, M. V. F. (1960) — Calcários cristalinos de Vila Viçosa- Sousel. "Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos do S. F. M.", XIV (1-2), Porto.
Silva, J. M.; Camarinhas, M. V. F. (1961) — Estudo económico dos calcários de Marvão. "Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos do S. F. M.", XV (3-4), Porto.
Sousa, F. L. Pereira (1926) — La Serre de Monchique. "Bull, Soc. Géol. de France", 4º Ser., 26, Paris.
Teixeira, Carlos (1962) — La structure annulaire subvolcanique des massifs éruptifs de Sintra, Sines et Monchique. Junta de Inv. Ultram, Lisboa.
Vários (1992) — Carta geológica de Portugal, escala 1:500 000. I.G.M. (Ed.).
Vintém, C. et al. (1997) — Geologia do anticlinal de Estremoz. Cartografia na escala 1/25 000, Dept. Rochas e Minerais Não-Metálicos, I.G.M. (Ed.), Lisboa.

- Unpublished studies

Assimagra; Cetel (1975) — Inquérito realizado à Indústria. Lisboa.
Camarinhas, M. V. Ferreira (1963) — Estudo económico das pedreiras de mármore da Região de Vila Viçosa - Sousel, incluindo Borba e Estremoz. Vila Viçosa. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
Cetel (1975) — Estudo Sócio-Económico de Reorganização da Indústria de Mármores Portuguesa. Lisboa.
Comissão Técnica de Planeamento do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro (1976) — Relatório Preliminar. Lisboa. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
DGMSG – IAPMEI (1977) — Projecto de Plano de Reestruturação do Sector dos Mármores. Lisboa. Arquivo da Direcção-Geral de Geologia e Minas.
Fundo de Fomento de Exportação (1976) — Conclusões Finais do 1º Encontro Nacional dos Industriais Exportadores de Mármores e Granitos. Lisboa.
Grupo de Trabalho Nº 3 (1966) — Subgrupo vertical Nº 1 - III Plano de Fomento. Indústrias Extractivas. Extracção de pedra, argila, saibro e areia. Lisboa. Arquivo da Direcção-Geral de Geologia e Minas.
Grupo de Trabalho Nº 3 (1966) — Subgrupo vertical Nº 6 - III Plano de Fomento. Indústrias Transformadoras. Mármores, granitos, rochas similares e cantarias. Lisboa. Arquivo da Direcção-Geral de Geologia e Minas.
Grupo de Trabalho Nº 21 (1977) — Programa de Aproveitamento dos Recursos Minerais. Prospecção e Inventariação de Substâncias Minerais não-metálicas. Arquivo da D.G.G.M..
Grupo de Trabalho dos Mármores (1977) — Projecto dos Mármores. Vila Viçosa. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
Grupo de Trabalho dos Mármores (1977) — Proposta para a área cativa dos mármores de Vila Viçosa - Borba - Estremoz e seus condicionalismos. Vila Viçosa. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
Grupo de Trabalho dos Mármores (1978) — Mármores e Alabastros do Nordeste Transmontano. Vimioso - Miranda do Douro. Vila Viçosa. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1967) — A Indústria Extractiva do Mármore na Mancha de Calcários Cristalinos de Viana do Alentejo-Alvito. Vila Viçosa. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1967) — A Indústria Extractiva do Mármore na Lentícula de Calcário Cristalino de Trigaxes-S. Brissos-Beja. Vila Viçosa. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1968) — A Indústria Extractiva do Mármore na Mancha de Calcários Cristalinos de Vila Viçosa - Sousel. Vila Viçosa. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1969) — A Indústria Extractiva do Mármore nas Lentículas de Calcário Subcristalino da Região de Pêro Pinheiro. Sintra. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1971) — Estudo dos Calcários Ornamentais da Região de Pêro Pinheiro. Vila Viçosa. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1973) — 2ª Missão de Estudo à Feira Internacional do Mármore e da sua Tecnologia, em Verona, Itália. Vila Viçosa. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1974) — Anortositos ornamentais de Sá da Bandeira. Lisboa. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1975) — III Missão Comercial e de Estudo da Tecnologia das Rochas Ornamentais de Itália. Investigação científica aplicada. Problemas sindicais e cooperativos. Vila Viçosa. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
Martins, Octávio Rabaçal (1977) — IV Missão Comercial e de Estudo da Tecnologia das Rochas Ornamentais de Itália. Vila Viçosa. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
Martins, O. R.; Camarinhas, M. V. F. (1979) — Curso de Gestão no Sector dos Mármores, Granitos e Ramos Afins. Síntese dos seminários de Colares. Vila Viçosa. Arquivo do Serviço de Fomento Mineiro.
Mello Mendes, Fernando (1975) — Relatório de situação e proposta de medidas imediatas. Mármores do Condado, S.A. R.L., e Pardal Monteiro, Lda., Lisboa.
Mello Mendes, Fernando (1976) — Plano de reestruturação e de saneamento financeiro. Mármores do Condado, S.A.R.L.. Lisboa.
Mello Mendes, Fernando (1980) — Intervenções diversas, como moderador. Engenharia do Mármore. Acção cultural nacional 02.5 da Ordem dos Engenheiros. Lisboa.
Neves, J. P. Castanheira (1891) — Relatório sobre os jazigos de mármores e alabastros de Vimioso e Miranda do Douro e seu valor industrial e bases para a constituição duma empresa para a sua exploração. IGM, Lisboa.
Oliveira, V. (1975) — Cartografia inédita do granito de S.ta Eulália (anéis G1, G2 e G3). Serv. Fom. Mineiro, DGGM, Lisboa.
Quartau, R. (2000) — Calcários Ornamentais do MCE - A Variedade Semi-Rijo do Codaçal: Caracterização Litológica e Ornamental. Cálculo de Reservas. Relatório Interno do IGM, Alfragide.
Ramos, J. M. Farinha, Moura, A. Casal e Grade, J. (1984) — Exploração, de rochas ígneas para pedra ornamental. Alguns aspectos de natureza geológica e estrutural. Palestra proferida no LNEC. IGM, Lisboa.
Ramos, J. M. Farinha, Moura, A. Casal e Grade, J. (1983) — Análise sumária de fracturação em rochas ígneas ornamentais. Trabalho apresentado ao 1º Congresso de Geociências, Aveiro,
Raposo, Manuel Ferreira (1979) — Gestão de Empresas no Sector das Rochas Ornamentais. Lisboa. Arquivo da ASSIMAGRA.
Saúde, João José (1979) — Problemas tecnológicos na extracção e na transformação de Rochas Ornamentais. Lisboa. Arquivo ASSIMAGRA.
Sequiera, Aníbal de Figueiredo (1979) — A Economia da Indústria das Rochas Ornamentais. Lisboa. Arquivo da ASSIMAGRA.
Serrão, Manuel F. Costa (1890) — Relatório acerca das actuais condições de exploração dos jazigos de mármores e alabastro de Santo Adrião, próximo de Vimioso. IGM, Lisboa.
Vintém, C. (1997). Estudo da viabilidade técnica da exploração subterrânea de mármores: Relatório da situação actual. Rel. interno do I.G.M., Lisboa.

- Participants